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- But where are we going?
- Here’s your road map:
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- Communication
(listening, speaking, reading, and writing )
- Cultures
- Connections
(with other subject areas)
- Comparisons
(to own language & culture)
- Communities
- (A) engage in oral and written exchanges of learned material to
socialize and to provide and obtain information;
- (B) demonstrate understanding of simple, clearly spoken, and written
language such as simple stories, high-frequency commands, and brief
instructions when dealing with familiar topics; and
- (C) present information using familiar words, phrases, and sentences to
listeners and readers.
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- Is playing soccer hard?
- Is playing a musical instrument hard?
- Is learning a new computer game hard?
- Is reading a good book hard?
- IT JUST TAKES CONSISTENT PRACTICE!
The more you try, the better you’ll do.
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- Cerberus est canis.
- Metella est māter.
- Caecilius est pater.
- Cerberus is the dog.
- Metella is the mother.
- Caecilius is the father.
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- Metella est māter.
Caecilius Metellam videt.
Caecilius sees Metella.
- Caecilius est pater.
Metella Caecilium videt.
Metella sees Caecilius.
- canis est Cerberus.
māter canem videt.
The mother sees the dog.
- 1st declension (Amazons)
mainly feminine
- 2nd declension (Dudes)
mainly masculine
- 3rd declension (Mixers)
can be either gender
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- The slave gives the dog to the girl.
- The girl gives the slave to the dog.
- The dog gives the girl to the slave.
- These sentences all mean different things because of the word order.
- servus puellae canem dat.
- puellae canem servus dat.
- canem servus puellae dat.
- These all mean the same even though the word order is different:
- The slave gives the dog to the girl.
- The endings not the order give meaning to Latin.
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- Nominative = subject
-a -us -is
- Accusative = direct object
-am -um -em
- Dative = indirect object
-ae -ō -ī
- The slave gives the dog to the girl.
servus puellae canem dat.
- The girl gives the slave to the dog.
puella canī servum dat.
- The dog gives the girl to the slave.
canis servō puellam dat.
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- Lots…but we only learn them a
few at a time. If you don’t learn them when you are supposed to, then
you will have A LOT to learn later on and you might find it confusing.
By the end of the year you will know all of these endings:
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- Yes, but we will be moving slowly through terminology and concepts.
You’ll actually like it too because things that never made sense in
English will now be clear.
- Concepts covered this year:
- Subjects = The dog is asleep.
- Predicate Nominative/Adj = The dog is Cerberus / brown.
- Direct Objects = The dog bit the boy.
- Indirect Objects = The boy gave a bone to the dog.
- Prepositional Phrases = The dog is in the street.
- Dependent clauses = The dog barked because a thief entered the house.
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- Verbs in Latin are, for the most part, all-in-one. There are no helping
or auxiliary verbs, nor a need for pronouns to indicate who is the
subject.
- The person or subject, if not indicated by an actual noun or pronoun in
the nominative case, will be on the personal endings.
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- It’s when the ending on the verb changes to match up with the subject.
In English, we see it mainly in 3rd person singular
(she/he/it):
- I see.
- You see.
- He sees.
- We see.
- Y’all see.
- They see.
- In Latin, subject/verb agreement is critical and exists for each person
(1st, 2nd, & 3rd), singular and
plural:
- ego videō.
- tū vidēs.
- servus videt.
- nōs vidēmus.
- vōs vidētis.
- servī vident.
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- Imperatives: used for giving orders
- ENGLISH:
Look at the jobs. (both singular and plural)
- LATIN:
spectā officia. (singular)
spectāte officia. (plural)
- Infinitives: the “to do” form
- ENGLISH: It’s necessary for you to look at the jobs.
- LATIN: necesse est tibi spectāre officia.
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- The Present tense (happening now) is the present verb stem (imperative
sing.) plus endings.
- spectō.
- spectās.
- spectat.
- spectāmus.
- spectātis.
- spectant.
- The Imperfect tense is the present verb stem, a tense indicator (ba)
(“was” -ing), & endings.
- spectābam.
- spectābās.
- spectābat.
- spectābāmus.
- spectābātis.
- spectābant.
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- These are ROMANCE languages, not because they are romantic, but because
they are all descendents from the Romans who brought Latin to most of
western Europe. Latin was also the international language for nearly
2000 years—up until the 18th century.
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- The Roman Empire at the time of Trajan, 116 AD
- This includes:
- Spain, Portugal,
- France, Italy,
- in the West
- where Latin was spoken. . . .
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- Latin entered English twice. First through French via the Norman
invasion of 1066; then straight into English during the Renaissance.
- Over 60% of English—90% if we are talking words of 3 syllables or more—and 80% of Spanish
is from Latin.
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- Roman daily life from food & clothing to gladiators & bathhouses
- A little bit of Roman history
- A little bit about the Olympian gods
- And, we will clean & study real Roman coins!
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- Why can’t we just read a translation in English?
- Can’t we just study roots, prefixes and suffixes?
- The real reason to study Latin is to read what people who lived before
us wrote, in their own words, expressing their own thoughts and emotions
in exactly their own way.
- ōdī et amō. quārē id faciam, fortasse
requīris.
- nescio, sed fierī
sentiō et excrucior.
- If Latin is useless, then so is J.K. Rowling or Stephen King. And so is
popular music, which many of us could not live without. The mind and
soul need to be fed constantly, authors need to speak to us whether its
from 2000 miles away or 2000 years away.
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- CERTAMEN is a team competition where students answer a variety of
questions on topics such as Mythology, Roman History, Roman Social Life,
Vocabulary, Derivatives & Grammar.
- Each team has four players. Practice has yet to be determined (probably
during B lunch).
- There will be three tournaments before Area JCL competition in February.
- JCL is the Junior Classical League. Competitions are at the area, state
and national level. We usually only go to area but state is not out of
the question.
- Other competitions include a variety of written tests, art, dramatic
interpretation, and athletic events.
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- ABSOLUTELY! Any 7th or 8th grade Latin student is
welcome to join. It costs $1 this year.
- Latin club is mainly about going to competitions, but this year (with
the help of our new officers) we may have more after school functions,
such as:
- Making signet rings
- Playing “Go Fish” and other card games in Latin
- Watching classically themed movies
- Certamen games for the fun of it
- Participating, perhaps, in the Austin Kite Festival or some other local
events
- Whatever we think up!
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- Here’s what you need to do to succeed:
- Pay attention to the endings of words from the very beginning! (spectā
caudam!)
- Learn your vocabulary; always participate and try your best during flash
card drill.
- Do all the warm-ups, even if you are afraid you might get it wrong.
That’s how you learn.
- Enjoy the thrill of learning a new language!
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- © 2005. Magistra Ginny Lindzey, Porter Middle School, Austin, Texas.
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- Perfect the Perfect tense
- Principal Parts of Verbs
- Infinitives
- Irregular Verbs
- Pluperfect Tense
- Imperatives
- Genitive and Ablative cases
- Noun/Adjective agreement
- Relative clauses and the agreement of relative pronouns with their
antecedents
- Participles
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- The stories are longer.
If you don’t practice and use the reading skills I am teaching
you, you will find this aspect daunting.
You should instead view this as an indication that you are indeed
mastering more Latin —which is wonderful!
- The vocabulary quizzes may seem a little more difficult because there
are more details to provide (singulars/plurals, tenses, etc). Therefore
we will prepare for quizzes using quia.com. You cannot treat quizzes
lightly anymore!
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- Work diligently to master your vocabulary.
- Try your hardest on all warm-ups.
- Work cooperatively within your century/row.
- Use “accountable talk” to ask the kinds of questions that will help you
learn.
- Do all conjugation worksheets, assignments, etc.
- Use rigorous reading on your tests and quizzes
- Do all extra credit on tests and quizzes.
- TAKE RISKS! Don’t be so afraid of making mistakes that you never learn!
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- Of course. We will focus especially on the perfect tense at first which
we learned at the end of the year.
- Remember VLSUX-ed? Reduplicatives too?
- Can you sing the song? (ī, istī, it….)
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- We touched on these at the end last year, when I introduced the verb
conjugation review sheets.
- The first new concept to master is the infinitive, the “to do” form of
the verb.
- videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum
- I see
- to see
- I saw
-
(seen)
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- possum = I am able
- possum
- potes
- potest
- possumus
- potestis
- possunt
- Bregāns amphoram portāre potest.
Bregans is able to carry the amphora/wine jug.
- volō = I want
- volo
- vīs
- vult
- volumus
- vultis
- volunt
- Bregāns amphoram portāre vult.
Bregans wants to carry the amphora/wine jug.
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- The pluperfect gives us the “had -ed” form of the verb.
- It uses the 3rd principal part (perfect stem)
- Plus the tense indicator (-era-)
- Plus the regular “most, must, isn’t” personal endings
- laudāveram = I had praised
- laudāverās = you had praised
- laudāverat = he had praised
- laudāverāmus = we had praised
- laudāverātis = y’all had praised
- laudāverant = they had praised
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- Sure, informally, but not formally in the text.
- Positive imperatives are formed from the infinitive by dropping the
-re:
spectāre > spectā! (look!)
- Negative imperatives are formed with nōlī plus the
infinitive:
nōlī (tempus) terere!
(Don’t waste time!)
- Listen to and practice the imperatives I use in class now so that they
will seem very easy when used in the text.
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- The ablative case you’ve seen a lot in some prepositional phrases
already.
- The genitive case shows possession. In English we say “of” or use ’s.
- in villā = in the house
- in villā feminae
- in the house of the woman
- in hortō amīcī
- in the garden of the friend
- in nave senis
- on the ship of the old man
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- Adjective agreement is when an adjective and a noun go together.
- To go together they must be in the
- same case (nom., acc., etc)
- same number (sing./pl.)
- same gender (m, f, n)
- They can be in different declensions!
- Grumio cēnam optimam parāvit.
Grumio prepared the best dinner.
- magna amphora
servus defessus
- amphoram gravem
servī tristēs
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- Actually, no. Understanding the concept of adjective agreement will be
critical to understanding relative clauses and participles as well.
- What will make this easier to learn?
- Mastering your model sentences (and phrases) as quickly as possible!
- Paying closer attention to concepts of gender (masculine, feminine and
neuter)!
- Focusing on those endings/cases!
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- Relative clauses are what we think of as WHO or WHICH clauses. They
RELATE or describe the word they follow (the antecedent).
- To fully understand relative clauses, you have to master the concepts of
case (nom, acc, dat), number (s/pl) and especially gender (m/f)
- The slave, who was carrying the amphora, was tired.
- servus, quī amphoram portābat, erat dēfessus.
- The slave girl, who was carrying the amphora, was tired.
- ancilla, quae amphoram portābat, erat dēfessa.
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- Participles are half verb and half adjective. That is, they have objects
like a verb but they modify like an adjective.
- Are they really that important?
Yes, most of Latin literature is full of them. But if you master
your endings and the concept of agreement, you can do participles too!
- Here is an example:
- The slaves, carrying the master, entered the house.
- servī, dominum portantēs, vīllam intrāvērunt.
- VERB-like: portantēs has dominum as its direct object
- ADJECTIVE-like: portantēs agrees in case, number and gender with servī.
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- Unit 2 opens in Roman Britain, the barbaric,
- uncivilized part
- of the Roman
- Empire, and
- ends up in
- Alexandria in
- Roman Egypt.
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- A slave tries to kill the new master
- A bull breaks loose and destroys a building
- There’s a king
- A boat race and a wreck
- A performing bear
- A bear attack
- A trip across the sea
- Gang violence
- Mob attack
- Murder, mayhem
- An attacking cat
- A crazy astrologer
- A crocodile hunt on the Nile River
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- But remember, we’re taking it one step at a time, building our muscles
slowly and steadily. You must work hard every day to keep up your
strength!
- There will always be quia review games to help you master concepts!
- Do all the things I suggested previously. (Oh, what are they again?)
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- Work diligently to master your vocabulary.
- Try your hardest on all warm-ups.
- Work cooperatively within your century/row.
- Use “accountable talk” to ask the kinds of questions that will help you
learn.
- Do all conjugation worksheets, assignments, etc.
- Use rigorous reading on your tests and quizzes
- Do all extra credit on tests and quizzes.
- TAKE RISKS! Don’t be so afraid of making mistakes that you never learn!
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- © 2005. Magistra Ginny Lindzey, Porter Middle School, Austin, Texas.
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