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Grammar
& Meter
I. Verbs
A. Forms: note especially syncopated forms (e.g., fuere for fuerunt, amasse
for amavisse)
B. Meanings of different tenses of indicative: present, future, imperfect, perfect,
pluperfect, future perfect
C. Subjunctive
1. Independent clauses
a. hortatory (=jussive)
Eamus. Let’s go.
b. potential
Videas canem. You would see a dog.
c. deliberative
Maneam aut abeam? Should I stay or should I go?
2. Conditions
3. Dependent clauses (note for all of these sequence of
tenses)
a. indirect question
Nescio quis sit. I do not know who he is.
b. relative clause of characteristic.
Sunt qui bibant. There are those who drink. (i.e., who are the kind of people
who drink)
c. purpose
1. with ut:
Misit nuntium ut victoriam nuntiaret. He sent the messenger to announce the
victory.
2. With a relative pronoun:
Misit nuntium qui victoriam nuntiaret. He sent the messenger to announce the
victory.
d. result
Tantam pecuniam habebat ut omnia emere posset. He had so much money that he
could buy everything.
e. cum clauses
1. causal
Cum eum odissem, eum necavi. Since I hated him, I killed him.
2. concessive
Cum eum amarem, eum necavi. Although I loved him, I killed him.
3. temporal in past (temporal in present is usually indicative)
Cum Romae viverem, laetus eram. While I lived at Rome I was happy.
f. jussive noun clauses
Impero tibi ut eam serves.
g. clauses of fear
1. something I fear will happen starts with ne.
Timeo ne deficiat. I am afraid he will fail.
2. something I fear will not happen starts with ut
Timeo ut rem bene gerat. I am afraid that he will not succeed.
h. with quin
1. clauses of hindering
Obstabat quin abiret. She kept him from going away.
2. negative clauses of doubt
Non dubito quin rem bene geras. I do not doubt that you will succeed.
i. subordinate clauses within indirect statement
Dixit sacerdotes qui deos precati essent urbem servavisse. He said that the
priests who had prayed to the gods had saved the city.
D. Infinitives
1. complementary
Possum videre te. I can see you.
2. indirect statement (note use of accusative subject,
and relative tenses)
Dixit me fortem esse. He said that I was brave.
E. Imperative: for commands
F. Participles
1. present active
Vidimus feminam canentem. We saw the singing woman
2. perfect passive
Vidimus urbem captam. We saw the captured city.
3. future active
Vidimus milites urbem capturos. We saw the soldiers about to capture the city.
G. Gerund and gerundive, passive periphrastic
H. deponent verbs: passive in form, active in meaning
I. impersonal verbs: have no subject
Mihi opus est pecunia. I need money.
Tibi licet abire. You can go.
Me oportet linguae Latinae studere. I ought to study Latin.
J. Defective verbs (verbs missing some tenses): e.g., odi, memini
II. Nouns
A. Forms
B. Uses of cases
1. Nominative
a. subject
b. predicate
Mater mea liberta facta est. My mother became a freedwoman.
2. Genitive
a. possession
b. partitive
Pars Romae ardet. Part of Rome is burning.
c. description
Est vir summae virtutis. He is a man of the greatest courage.
d. objective
Amor Helenae omnes incendit. Love for Helen set everyone on fire.
e. subjective
Amor Helenae ei persuasit ut Menelaum relinqueret. Helen’s love persuaded
her to leave Menelaus.
f. with some verbs
Tui memini. I remember you.
3. Dative
a. indirect object
b. possession
Mihi est soror. I have a sister.
c. purpose
Tibi auxilio ero. I will be a help to you.
d. with certain verbs
1. compound verbs
His adsentior. I agree to these things.
2. others
Mihi crede. Trust me.
e. agent (only with passive periphrastic)
Hic liber mihi legendus erat. I had to read this book.
4. Accusative
a. direct object
b. subject of indirect statement
Dixit me fugisse. He said that I had fled.
c. duration of time
Multos annos tecum laborabam. I worked with you for many years.
d. place to which
1. with various prepositions.
Curro ad Galliam. I am running to Gaul.
2. no preposition for cities, towns, and small islands
Curro Romam. I am running to Rome.
5. Ablative
a. means
Cenam nostram igni paravit. He prepared our dinner with fire.
b. manner
Magno studio pugnabat. He was fighting with great zeal.
c. accompaniment
Cum amicis veni. I came with my friends.
d. with some adjectives
Digna laude est. She is worthy of praise.
e. time when or within which
Hoc anno eos vicimus. This year we defeated them.
f. place from which
1. with various prepositions
Curro e Gallia. I am running out of Gaul.
2. without preposition for cities, towns, and small islands
Curro Roma. I am running from Rome.
g. comparison
Maior est te. He is bigger than you.
h. degree of difference
Multo sum altior quam tu. I am much taller than you.
i. ablative absolute
Cane viso, fugi. When I saw the dog (literally: the dog having been seen), I
fled.
j. separation
Me metu liberavisti. You have freed me from fear.
k. with verbs utor, fruor, fungor, potior, and vescor
6. Vocative: for direct address
7. Locative: place where for cities, towns, and small islands, domi, and ruri.
Sum Romae. I am at Rome.
III. Pronouns
A. Forms
B. various types
personal: ego, tu, etc.
reflexive: se
intensive: ipse
indefinite: is, ea, id
interrogative: quis, quid (watch these and other words
starting with "q")
relative: qui, quae, quod
IV. Adjectives
A. Forms
B. Agreement with nouns in case, number, and gender
C. various types
interrogative (qui, quae, quod)
possessive (meus, tuus, etc.)
demonstrative (hic, ille, iste)
V. Adverbs
A. Forms
B. Use
VI. Prepositions
A. Meaning
B. Which takes which case
VII. Conjunctions: et, sed, etc.
VIII. interrogatives
A. -ne: yes or no
Sumne pulcher? Am I pretty?
B. nonne: expects answer "yes"
Nonne sum pulcher? Am I not pretty?
C. num: expects answer "no"
Num sum pulcher? I am not pretty, am I?
IX. numerals
A. Cardinal (unus, duo, etc.)
B. Ordinal (primus, secundus, etc.)
C. frequentative (bis, ter, etc.)
X. comparatives and superlatives
A. comparatives: -ior, -ius, 3rd declension:
Volo diligentiorem magistrum. I want a more careful teacher.
B. superlatives: -issimus, a, um, 2nd declension
Volo diligentissimum magistrum. I want the most careful teacher.
C. Irregulars (e.g., melior, optimus, peior, pessimus)
XI. Meter: watch for numbers of spondees and dactyls, and for caesurae
A. dactylic hexameter
B. elegiac couplet
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